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1 CEA/Cadarache, DSV-DEVM, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère, UMR 163 CNRS-CEA, F-13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
2 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne du Sol, UMR 5557 CNRS and DTAMB, Université C. Bernard Lyon 1, 43, bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
Author for correspondence: Thierry Heulin. Tel: +33 4 4225 4827. Fax: +33 4 4225 6648. e-mail: theulin{at}cea.fr
ABSTRACT
The rrs (16S rDNA) gene sequences of nitrogen-fixing endospore-forming bacilli isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat and maize were determined in order to infer their phylogenetic position in the Bacillaceae. These rhizosphere strains form a monophyletic cluster with Paenibacillus azotofixans, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Paenibacillus macerans. Two of them (RSA19 and TOD45) had previously been identified as Bacillus circulans (group 2) by phenotypic characterization (APl 50CH). Evidence for nitrogen fixation by P. azotofixans, P. polymyxa, P. macerans and putative B. circulans strains RSA19 and TOD45 was provided by acetylene-reduction activity, and confirmed by amplifying and sequencing a nifH fragment (370 nt). The phylogenetic tree of nifH-derived amino acid sequences was compared to the phylogenetic tree of rrs sequences. All Paenibacillus nifH sequences formed a coherent cluster distinct from that of related nitrogen-fixing anaerobic clostridia and Gram-positive high-G+C-content frankiae. The nifH gene was neither detected in the B. circulans type strain (ATCC 4513T) nor in the type strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus simplex, Brevibacillus brevis and Paenibacillus validus. Accordingly, nitrogen fixation among aerobic endospore-forming Firmicutes seems to be restricted to a subset of species in the genus Paenibacillus.
Key Words: Paenibacillus • Bacillus • phylogeny • rDNA and nifH sequencing • nitrogen fixation
The EMBL accession numbers for the rrs and nifH sequences determined in this paper are AJ223987-AJ223997.
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