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Thermococcus barophilus sp. nov., a new barophilic and hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated under high hydrostatic pressure from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent

Viggó Thór Marteinsson^1,, Jean-Louis Birrien¹, Anna-Louise Reysenbach², Marc Vernet¹, Dominique Marie¹, Agata Gambacorta³, Paul Messner⁴, Uwe B. Sleytr⁴ and Daniel Prieur^1,5

¹Station Biologique, CNRS, UPR 9042, BP 74, 29681 Roscoff cedex, France
²Rutgers University Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, Cook College, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
³Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico, CNR, via Toiano 6, 80072 Arco Felice, Napoli, Italy
⁴Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1180 Wien, Austria
⁵Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France

Author for correspondence: Viggó Thór Marteinsson. Tel: +354 5707213. Fax: +354 5707111. e-mail: viggo{at}iti.is

ABSTRACT

A novel barophilic, hyperthermophilic, anaerobic sulfur-metabolizing archaeon, strain MP^T(T = type strain), was isolated from a hydrothermal vent site (Snakepit) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (depth, 3550 m). Enrichments and isolation were done under 40 MPa hydrostatic pressure at 95°C. Strain MP^Twas barophilic at 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 98°C, and was an obligate barophile between 95 and 100°C (T_max). For growth above 95°C a pressure of 15·0-17·5 MPa was required. The strain grew at 48-95°C under atmospheric pressure. The optimal temperature for growth was 85°C at both high (40 MPa) and low (0·3 MPa) pressures. The growth rate was twofold higher at 85°C under in situ hydrostatic pressure compared to at low pressure. Strain MP^Tcells were motile, coccoid, 0·8-2·0 µm in diameter and covered by a hexagonal S-layer lattice. The optimum pH and NaCI concentration for growth at low pressure were 7·0 and 20-30 gl^-1, respectively. The new isolate was an obligate heterotroph and utilized yeast extract, beef extract and peptone for growth. Growth was optimal in the presence of elemental sulfur. Rifampicin and chloramphenicol inhibited growth. The core lipids consisted of a major archaeol and a complex lipid pattern consisting of a major phospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 37·1 mol%. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain MP^Tbelonged to the genus Thermococcus and it is proposed that this isolate should be designated as a new species, Thermococcus barophilus.

Key Words: archaea • barophile • Thermococcus • hyperthermophile • deep-sea vent

The GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA sequence of strain MP^Tis U82237.

Present address: Department of Biotechnology, Technological Institute of Iceland, Keldnaholt, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland.

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