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Colwellia demingiae sp. nov., Colwellia hornerae sp. nov., Colwellia rossensis sp. nov. and Colwellia psychrotropica sp. nov.: psychrophilic Antarctic species with the ability to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (22:63)

¹Antarctic CRC, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
²Department of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
³Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
⁴CSIRO Marine Research Division, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia

⁵Tel: +61 3 6226 2776. Fax: +61 3 6226 2642. e-mail: john.bowman{at}utas.edu.au

ABSTRACT

As part of a general survey of the biodiversity and inherent ecophysiology of bacteria associated with coastal Antarctic sea-ice diatom assemblages, eight strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as belonging to the genus Colwellia. The isolates were non-pigmented, curved rod-like cells which exhibited psychrophilic and facultative anaerobic growth and possessed an absolute requirement for sea water. One isolate was able to form gas vesicles. All strains synthesized the 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (22:63, DHA) (0·7–8·0% of total fatty acids). Previously, DHA has only been detected in strains isolated from deep-sea benthic and faunal habitats and is associated with enhanced survival in permanently cold habitats. The G+C content of the DNA from the Antarctic Colwellia strains ranged from 35 to 42 mol% and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses indicated that the isolates formed five genospecies, including the species Colwellia psychrerythraea (ACAM 550^T). 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that the strains formed a cluster in the gM-subclass of the Proteobacteria with Colwellia psychrerythraea. Sequence similarities ranged from 95·2 to 100% between the various Antarctic Colwellia isolates. Phenotypic characterization confirmed distinct differences between the different genospecies. These studies indicate that the DHA-producing Antarctic isolates consist of five different Colwellia species: Colwellia psychrerythraea and four novel species with the proposed names Colwellia demingiae sp. nov. (ACAM 459^T), Colwellia psychrotropica sp. nov. (ACAM 179^T), Colwellia rossensis sp. nov. (ACAM 608^T) and Colwellia hornerae sp. nov. (ACAM 607^T).

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