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1Centre National d'Etudes VÉtÉrinaires et Alimentaires, Laboratoire Central de Recherches VÉtÉrinaires, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
2National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
3UnitÉ de la Tuberculose et des MycobactÉries, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
* Corresponding author.
ABSTRACT
We performed a numerical taxonomy analysis of 38 Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and related mycobacterial strains, including wood pigeon mycobacteria; this analysis was based on 22 tests, which were selected for their potential discriminative value from a total of 51 tests studied and produced four well-defined clusters. Cluster 1 contained the M. paratuberculosis strains, including two strains isolated from Crohn's disease patients; cluster 2 contained Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellular reference strains; cluster 3 consisted of the wood pigeon mycobacteria; and the only strain in cluster 4 was M. paratuberculosis 316F, which is used for antigen and vaccine production. Strains in cluster 1 were mycobactin dependent even when they were subcultured, whereas strains in cluster 3 were unable to grow on egg medium and their growth was stimulated by pH 5.5. Growth stimulation by pyruvate, resistance to D-cycloserine (50 µg/ml), and alkaline phosphatase activity also were characteristics that were useful for discriminating between clusters 1 and 3. The results of previous DNA-DNA hybridization studies have demonstrated that M. avium Chester 1901, M. paratuberculosis Bergey et al. 1923, and the wood pigeon mycobacteria belong to a single genomic species, and we propose that the name of this species should be M. avium. On the basis of the results of previous genomic analyses based on restriction fragment length, the results of polymorphism studies, and DNA patterns determined by field inversion gel electrophoresis as well as the results of our phenotypic study, we propose that the species should be divided into subspecies which correspond to pathogenicity and host range characteristics. An emended description of M. avium Chester 1901 and descriptions of M. avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and M. avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. are presented; strains ATCC 25291, ATCC 19698, and CIP 103317 are the type strains of the three new subspecies, respectively.
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